SOFT SKILL (TUGAS 2)
NAMA :
RACHEL AZKADELA
NPM :
25215485
KELAS :
3EB18
ETHICS
PRINCIPLE OF ACCOUNTING PROFESSION ACCORDING TO IFAC, AICPA AND IAI
Code
of ethics in the form of principles or ethics prepared by each agency will be
different. In the Code of Professional Accountants Ethics 2001 made by the IFAC
mentioned that, with the existence of responsibility to the public then
professionalism must be owned because professionalism can form a public trust.
A.
Code
of Ethics The Fundamental Principles of Professional Accountants IFAC 2005 -
Section 100.4
A
professional accountant is required to adhere to the following basic
principles:
1.
Integrity
A
professional accountant must act decisively and honestly in all of his business
and professional relationships.
2.
Objectivity
A
professional accountant should not allow bias, conflicts of interest, or under
the influence of others so as to exclude business and professional judgment.
3.
Professional
competence and prudence
A
professional accountant has an obligation to maintain professional knowledge
and skill sustainably at the required level to ensure a client or employer
accepts competent professional services based on the latest developments in
practice, legislation and techniques. A professional accountant must work
diligently and follow professional standards and techniques applicable in
providing professional services.
4.
Confidentiality
A
professional accountant must respect the confidentiality of the information it
obtains as a result of professional and business relationships and may not
disclose any information to third parties, without proper and specific
authority unless there is a legal or professional right or obligation to
disclose. Confidential information obtained as a result of a professional
business relationship should not be used for the personal benefit of
professional accountants or third parties.
5.
Professional
Behavior
A
professional accountant must comply with relevant laws and legislation and
should avoid acts that may discredit the profession.
B.
AICPA
Code of Conduct Overview (Code of Conduct)
The
AICPA Code of Conduct consists of two parts: the first contains Ethical
principles and in the second contains the Rules of Ethics (rules)
1.
Responsible
In
carrying out its responsibilities as a professional, members must apply
sensitive professional and moral judgment in all their activities. (section 52,
article I)
2.
Public
interest
Members
should accept their obligation to act in a manner that serves the public
interest, respect for public trust, and demonstrates a commitment to
professionalism. (section 53, article II)
3.
Integrity
To
maintain and expand public trust, members must perform all professional
responsibilities with the highest integrity. (section 54, article III)
4.
Objectivity
and Independence
A
member must maintain objectivity and be free from conflicts of interest in
carrying out professional responsibilities. A member in public practice should
be independent in presenting facts and views when providing audit services and
other attestation services. (section 55, article IV)
5.
Due
Care (Prudence)
A
member must comply with the technical and ethical standards of the profession,
strive continuously to improve the competence and service in carrying out
professional responsibilities with the members' best ability. (section 56,
article V)
6.
Scope
and nature of the Services
A
member in public practice should pay attention to the Principles of the
Professional Code of Ethics in determining the scope and nature of the services
to be provided. (section 57, article VI).
C.
Principles
of Professional Ethics According to IAI.
Membership
in the Indonesian Institute of Accountants is voluntary. By becoming a member,
an accountant has an obligation to maintain self discipline above and beyond
that required by law and regulations.
Principles
of Professional Ethics in Code of Ethics The Indonesian Institute of
Accountants declares professional recognition of its responsibilities to the
public, accountants, and partners. The IAI Code of Conduct consists of the
Principles of Professional Ethics of Accountants, Rules of Ethics and
Interpretation of ethical rules.
1.
Profession
Responsibility
In
carrying out its responsibilities as a professional every member should always
use moral and professional judgment in all activities undertaken. As
professionals, members have an important role in society. Members have
responsibility to all their professional service users. Members should also
always be responsible for working with fellow members to develop the accounting
profession, maintain public trust, and carry out the responsibilities of the
profession in self-regulation. Collective efforts of all members are necessary
to maintain and enhance the professional tradition.
2.
Public Interest
Each
member is obliged to always act within the framework of public service, respect
for public trust, and demonstrate a commitment to professionalism. The accounting
profession plays an important role in the community, which consists of clients,
lenders, government, employers, employees, investors, business and finance, and
others depend on the objectivity and integrity of accountants in maintaining an
orderly business function. In fulfilling its professional responsibilities,
members may face conflicting pressures with interested parties. In overcoming
these conflicts, members must act with integrity, with a belief that if members
fulfill their obligations to the public, the interests of the recipients are
served as well as possible. Members are expected to provide quality services,
charge appropriate services, and offer various services, all with a level of
professionalism consistent with this Professional Ethics Principle.
3.
Integrity
Integrity
is an element of character that underlies the emergence of professional
recognition. Integrity is a quality that underlies public trust and is a
benchmark for members in testing their decisions. Integrity requires a member
to, inter alia, be honest and honest without sacrificing the recipient's
secrets. Public service and trust should not be overwhelmed by personal gain.
Integrity can accept unintentional mistakes and honest disagreements, but can
not accept cheating or abolition of principles.
Integrity
is measured in the form of what is right and fair. In the absence of specific
rules, standards, guidelines or in the face of contradictory opinions, members
shall examine their decisions or actions by asking whether members have done
what a person of integrity will do and whether members have maintained their
integrity. Integrity requires members to obey both the form and the spirit of
technical and ethical standards. Integrity also requires members to follow the
principle of objectivity and professional caution.
4.
Objectivity
Objectivity
is a quality that gives value to the services the members provide. The
principle of objectivity requires members to be fair, impartial, intellectually
honest, unbiased or biased, and free from conflict of interest or under the
influence of others. Members work in different capacities and must demonstrate
their objectivity in various situations. Members in public practice provide
attestation, taxation, and management consulting services. Other members
prepare financial reports as a subordinate, perform internal audit services and
work in their financial and management capacity in industry, education and
government. They also educate and train those who want to enter the profession.
Whatever services or capacities, members must protect the integrity of their
work and maintain objectivity. In the face of situations and practices that are
specifically related to ethical rules with respect to objectivity, adequate
consideration should be given to the following factors:
a.
Sometimes
members are faced with situations that allow them to suppress the pressures
given to them. This pressure can interfere with its objectivity.
b.
It
is impractical to state and describe all situations in which these pressures
may occur. Reasonableness should be used in setting standards to identify
relationships that may or may be harmful to member objectivity.
c.
Relationships
that allow prejudice, bias or other influence to violate objectivity should be
avoided.
d.
Members
have an obligation to ensure that persons who are involved in professional
services adhere to the principle of objectivity.
e.
Members
shall not accept or offer gifts or entertainment that they believe may have
improper influence on their professional judgment or to those relating to them.
f.
Members
should avoid situations that can make their professional positions tarnished
5.
Competence
and Professional Prudence
Professional
caution requires members to fulfill their professional responsibilities with
competence and persistence. This implies that members have an obligation to
perform professional services to the best of their ability, for the benefit of
the service user and consistent with the professional responsibility to the
public. Competence is gained through education and experience. Members should
not describe themselves as skill or experience they do not have. In all
assignments and in all of its responsibilities, each member shall make an
effort to attain a level of competence which shall ensure that the quality of
the services provided meets the high level of professionalism as required by
the Ethical Principle. Professional competence can be divided into 2 (two)
separate phases:
a.
Achievement
of Professional Competence.
The
achievement of professional competencies initially requires a high standard of
general education, followed by special education, professional training and
examinations in relevant subjects, and work experience. This should be a normal
development pattern for members.
b.
Maintenance
of Professional Competence.
Competence
must be maintained and maintained through a commitment to continuous learning
and professional upgrading during the professional life of the members.
Maintenance of professional competence requires awareness to keep abreast of
accounting profession development, including relevant accounting, auditing and
other relevant national and international statements. Members should implement
a program designed to ensure quality control over the implementation of
professional services consistent with national and international standards.
Competence
shows the achievement and maintenance of a level of understanding and knowledge
that allows a member to provide services with ease and ingenuity. In the case
of professional assignment exceeding the competence of a member or company, a
member shall consult or deliver the client to a more competent party. Members
must be diligent in fulfilling their responsibilities to the recipients and the
public. Perseverance implies the fulfillment of responsibility for providing services
promptly and cautiously, perfectly and adheres to applicable technical and
ethical standards. Careful professionals require members to carefully plan and
monitor every professional activity that it is responsible for
6.
Confidentiality
Members
have an obligation to respect the confidentiality of information about clients
or employers obtained through the professional services it provides. The
obligation of confidentiality continues even after the relationship between the
member and the client or employer ends. Confidentiality must be maintained by
members unless a special agreement has been granted or there is a legal or
professional obligation to disclose information. The Member has an obligation
to ensure that the staff under its supervision and those requested for their
advice and assistance respect the principle of confidentiality.
Confidentiality
is not just a matter of information disclosure. Confidentiality also requires
that members who obtain information during professional service do not use or
appear to use such information for personal gain or third party profits.
Members who have access to confidential information about the recipient may not
disclose publicly. Therefore, members may not create unauthorized disclosure to
others. This does not apply to the disclosure of information in order to
fulfill the members' responsibilities based on professional standards. Public
and professional interests require that professional standards relating to
confidentiality are defined and that there is guidance on the nature and extent
of confidentiality obligations and on the circumstances in which information
obtained during professional service may or should be disclosed.
The
following are examples of things to consider in determining the extent to which
confidential information can be disclosed.
a.
If
disclosure is allowed. If consent to express is provided by the recipient, the
interests of all parties including third parties whose interests may be
affected shall be considered.
b.
Disclosure
is required by law. Some examples where members are required by law to disclose
confidential information are: to produce documents or provide evidence in legal
proceedings; and to disclose any violation of the law to the public.
7.
Professional
Behavior
Each
member must behave consistently with the reputation of a good profession and
stay away from actions that can discredit the profession. The obligation to
stay away from behavior that can discredit the profession must be fulfilled by
the member as the realization of its responsibility to the recipient of
services, third parties, other members, staff, employers and the general
public.
8.
Technical
Standards
Each
member shall perform its professional services in accordance with relevant
technical standards and proesional standards. In accordance with its expertise
and with caution, members have an obligation to carry out the assignment of the
recipient during the assignment in line with the principle of integrity and
objectivity. Technical standards and professional standards that members must
adhere to are the standards issued by the Indonesian Institute of Accountants
(IAI), the International Federation of Accountants (IFA), regulatory bodies,
and relevant legislation.
UNDERSTANDING,
ELEMENTS AND EXAMPLES OF ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS
The
accounting system is an overview consisting of manual records or computerized
financial transactions for the purpose of recording, categorizing, analyzing
and reporting timely financial management information. The accounting system
has various functions such as collecting and storing transaction data,
processing data into information for decision making, and as control of the
organization.
A.
Understanding
Accounting System
Warren,
Reeve, Fees (2005: 234) “An accounting
system is a method and procedure for collecting, clarifying, summarizing, and
reporting on business (operational) and financial information of a company”.
Baridwan
(2000; 6) “The accounting system is a
form, record, and report that is coordinated in such a way that it can be used to
provide information needed by management”.
Niswonger
et al (1999; 182) “A method and procedure
for collecting, classifying, summarizing and reporting information on finance
and company operations”.
B.
Accounting
System Elements
Generally
an accounting system has 5 (five) main elements ie.
1.
Forms
A
form is a document used to record / record a transaction event. In the form
there are data transactions that can be used as a basis in the recording.
2.
Journal
Journal
is an accounting system undertaken to record, group similar transactions, and
summarize other financial data. The results of the data summaries are then
posted to the respective accounts in the ledger. Commonly used Journals form
are as follows:
a.
Journal
of Cash Receipts, journals provided specifically for record transactions cash
receipts.
b.
Journal
of Cash Expenditures, special journals are provided to record all types of cash
expenditures.
c.
Journal
of Purchase, the journal used to record purchases on credit. Cash purchases
fall into the cash disbursement journal.
d.
Sales
Journal, a journal provided specifically for recording sales transactions on
credit. Cash sales are included in the cash receipts journal.
e.
The
General Journal is provided specifically for recording bookkeeping adjustments,
correction transactions and anything else that can not be recorded in special
journals.
3.
The
General Ledger
The
ledger consists of a set of accounts that serve to summarize the financial data
previously recorded in the journal. The ledger account is also considered as a
place for the classification of financial data for the presentation of
financial statements.
4.
Subsidiary
Book (Subsidiary Ledger)
The
auxiliary book contains auxiliary accounts in detailing financial data, such as
grouping the types of transactions that occur in one company to another.
5.
Reports
The
report is the end result of the accounting process, in the form of balance
sheet, income statement, capital change report, marketing cost report,
production cost report, cost of goods sold report, debt list, inventory balance
list.
C.
Examples
of Accounting Systems
1.
Management
accounting
The
purpose of management accounting is to provide accounting information to
managers for the purposes of planning, controlling, and managing business
operations.
2.
Inventory
Accounting
Inventory
accounting systems are used to plan and track inventory levels, as well as
related inventory activities. One common system inventory is bar code tracking,
where each item is marked with a bar code item.
3.
Non-Profit
Accounting
It
is an accounting system for nonprofits that have specific characteristics of
reporting requirements. For example, about a fund tracking system, so donations
given for a particular purpose can be known to have been correctly channeled.
The software should also be able to generate reports of total donations donated
by individual donors.
In
an accounting system, the existence of accounting software as a supporter of a
reporting system is very important. Journals are online accounting software
that provides important features of inventory tracking, asset management, and
cost reporting, can be an appropriate option that provides many conveniences
for a variety of business needs. Journals can be accessed anytime and anywhere
in realtime, so you do not have to worry about losing valuable information that
happens all the time in your business.
REFERENCE
1.
https://yuniariani37.wordpress.com/2016/12/26/kode-etik-profesi-akuntansi-etika-profesi-akuntansi/
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